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The facilities available and the skills of personnel are the major determining factors for the success rate. Causes of this kind of infertility include: Retrograde ejaculation. Microscopic Vasectomy Reversal. (PDF, 31 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1977. Infection and Disease: Mumps, tuberculosis, brucellosis, gonorrhea, typhoid, influenza, smallpox, and syphilis can cause testicular atrophy.  A low sperm count and low sperm motility are indicators of this condition.  Also, elevated FSH levels and other hormonal problems are indicative of testicular damage.  Some STDs like gonorrhea and chlamydia can cause infertility by blocking the epididimis or tubes.  These conditions are usually treated by hormonal replacement therapy and surgery in the case of tubular blockage. The Use of Epididymal Sperm in Assisted Reproduction. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter from textbook, Frontiers in Endocrinology: Perspectives on Assisted Reproduction, 1994. Is Congenital Bilateral Absence of Vas Deferens a Primary Form of Cystic Fibrosis?

The epididymis is a 3- to 4-cm long structure with a tubular length of 4-5 m. 6) Male factors affecting sperm function: Male factor infertility has been associated as a contributing factor causing infertility in 40-50% percent of cases, and as the sole cause for infertility in 15-20% percent of cases. Oligozoospermia refers to a low sperm count under 20 million per milliliter.

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Hormonal analysis Around 3% of cases of male infertility are estimated to be due primarily to a hormonal cause. Ovulation usually occurs within the 32-40 hours after the indicative color change. The fertilized egg attaches itself to the uterus (implantation) and begins to grow.  Predict your cycle with Flo! The main causes of tubal infertility are pelvic infections caused by bacteria such as chlamydia, previous abdominal disease or surgery and ectopic pregnancy. • Endometriosis is characterised by excessive growth of the lining of the uterus. This technological innovation provided the means to project a magnified view of the operative field onto a monitor and, at the same time, freed both the operating surgeon's hands, thereby facilitating performance of complex laparoscopic procedures.

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BMI (body mass index) may be a significant factor in fertility, as an increase in BMI in the male by as little as three units can be associated with infertility. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Occurs when the pituitary is suppressed by increased levels of adrenal androgens.  Symptoms include low sperm count, an increased number of immature sperm cells, and low sperm cell motility.  Is treated with cortisone replacement therapy.  This condition is found in only 1 percent of infertile men. Microsurgery and Andrology. (PDF, 5 MB) Chapter from textbook, 1991. However, future pregnancy is possible with the other ovary and tube. Diagnosis of Sterility An important part of the diagnosis is a detailed anamnesis and the routine gynecologic examination. United Kingdom[edit] In the UK, previous NICE guidelines defined infertility as failure to conceive after regular unprotected sexual intercourse for two years in the absence of known reproductive pathology.[11] Updated NICE guidelines do not include a specific definition, but recommend that "A woman of reproductive age who has not conceived after 1 year of unprotected vaginal sexual intercourse, in the absence of any known cause of infertility, should be offered further clinical assessment and investigation along with her partner, with earlier referral to a specialist if the woman is over 36 years of age."[12] Other definitions[edit] Researchers commonly base demographic studies on infertility prevalence on a five-year period.[13] Practical measurement problems, however, exist for any definition, because it is difficult to measure continuous exposure to the risk of pregnancy over a period of years.

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Laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery belong to the broader field of endoscopy. 34 Although intrauterine insemination has been shown to be equally effective as timed intercourse in unstimulated cycles, there is a modest increase in live birth rates when combined with ovarian stimulation. Mental stress: Stress can be a factor, especially if it leads to reduced sexual activity. Endometriosis Endometriosis is when the tissue of the uterine lining grows outside of the uterus. Outside pregnancy and lactation, women with high levels of prolactin may have irregular ovulation cycles and fertility problems.