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If a blockage is present, surgery may be necessary. Infertility caused by DNA defects on the Y chromosome is passed on from father to son. For a woman to conceive, certain things have to happen: vaginal intercourse must take place around the time when an egg is released from her ovary; the system that produces eggs has to be working at optimum levels; and her hormones must be balanced.[54] For women, problems with fertilisation arise mainly from either structural problems in the Fallopian tube or uterus or problems releasing eggs. Female factor Dysfunction of the female reproductive organs is also apparent in around 40% of infertile couples. Other factors, such as luteal phase defect or production of anti-sperm antibodies. Surgery for epididymal blockage: A blocked epididymis can be surgically repaired.

It can be done with a patient’s sperm, if possible. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. As treatment begins, couples may experience cycles of optimism and despair with each passing menstrual cycle. Laparotomy is indicated in patients with severe pelvic adhesions that compromise the bowel, ovaries, and tubes, with obliteration of the cul-de-sac. [129] The aim of the procedure is to correct what is necessary to allow the normal transport of the gametes; complete restoration of the anatomy is not intended. [130] Lysis of adhesions should be meticulous, using hydrodissection and fine instruments. Some diseases: Conditions that are sometimes linked to lower fertility in males are anemia, Cushing's syndrome, diabetes, and thyroid disease.

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Passive smoking has also been linked to lower fertility. Controversies in OB/GYN: Is Varicocelectomy Useful for Treatment of Male-factor Infertility? (PDF, 4 MB)Contemporary OB/GYN, 2001. Undescended testicles During fetal development one or both testicles may fail to descend from the abdomen into the sac that normally contains the testicles.

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Growth of Baby Kidneys Transplanted into Adults. (PDF, 1 MB) Archives of Surgery, 1976. Some respond by actively avoiding the issue altogether; middle-class men are the most likely to respond in this way.[21] In the United States some treatments for infertility, including diagnostic tests, surgery and therapy for depression, can qualify one for Family and Medical Leave Act leave. If this is unsuccessful, the dosage may be increased to 100 mg daily. The likelihood of fertilization improves significantly for men with low sperm concentrations.

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For a woman to conceive, certain things have to happen: vaginal intercourse must take place around the time when an egg is released from her ovary; the system that produces eggs has to be working at optimum levels; and her hormones must be balanced.[54] For women, problems with fertilisation arise mainly from either structural problems in the Fallopian tube or uterus or problems releasing eggs. Government, the Department of Defense, or the Department of the Air Force. 44 Therefore, a simple recommendation is for vaginal intercourse every two to three days to optimize the chance of pregnancy. Mental stress: Stress can be a factor, especially if it leads to reduced sexual activity. Surgical procedures for women If the fallopian tubes are blocked or scarred, surgical repair may make it easier for eggs to pass through. If you and your partner agree, extra embryos can be frozen and saved to use later. On Regenerating the Ovary and Generating Controversy. (PDF, 37 KB) Cell, 2005. Clean, Intermittent Self-catheterization in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Disease. (PDF, 2 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1972. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. (PDF, 4 MB) Chapter 47 from textbook Current Therapy in Equine Reproduction, 2006. About 25% of all infertility is caused by a sperm defect and 40-50% of infertility cases have a sperm defect as the main cause, or a contributing cause. Around 1/3 of infertility cases are caused by fertility problems in men4 1/3 of infertility cases are caused by fertility problems in women4 1/3 of infertility cases are caused by a mixture of male and female problems, or by problems that cannot be determined4 Infertility doesn’t necessarily mean that you won’t ever have children, but you may need the help of fertility treatment to conceive.


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See also
Introduction to Infertility
Infertility Definition in Animals
Infertility Clinic Kottayam