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Medical conditions Some medical conditions can affect fertility. Typical drugs are clomifene, cyclofenil, tamoxifen, and epimestrol among others. In many cases, there are tests that can help find the cause(s) of male infertility. Chronic conditions: These include AIDS or cancer. IVF in action Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): A single sperm is injected into an egg to achieve fertilization during an IVF procedure. Ovulation-inducing drugs and ovarian cancer risk: results from an extended follow-up of a large United States infertility cohort.

This technique is called hand-assist laparoscopy. Therefore, data estimating the prevalence of infertility cited by various sources differs significantly.[8] A couple that tries unsuccessfully to have a child after a certain period of time (often a short period, but definitions vary) is sometimes said to be subfertile, meaning less fertile than a typical couple. Women attempting pregnancy at age 40 or older have a 50% decreased fertility rate and a two-fold to three-fold increased risk of spontaneous abortion compared with younger women. Nonfunctional pituitary tumors may compress the pituitary stalk or the gonadotropic cells, interrupting the proper chain of signals leading to pituitary failure. Conversely, a young overweight woman who manages to lose weight could also relieve the problem of anovulation (losing just 5% of body mass could be enough to restart ovulation). The rod-lens based laparoscopes dominate overwhelmingly in practice, due to their fine optical resolution (50 µm typically, dependant on the aperture size used in the objective lens), and the image quality can be better than that of the digital camera if necessary.

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PID is a major cause of tubal infertility and can lead to ectopic pregnancy, which may further damage the reproductive system. Fertility Evaluation of the Male Partner: Semen Analysis Semen analysis is an essential part of the evaluation. Maternal age Infertility due to age is one of the most common causes of female infertility.

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7 million women reported impaired ability to get pregnant or carry a baby to term. Hystersalpingography (HSG): Further investigations 17. Investigation of suspected tubal and uterine abnormalities: 2. Diverse Spermatogenic Defects in Humans Caused by Y Chromosome Deletions Encompassing a Novel RNA-binding Protein Gene. (PDF, 7 MB) Nature Genetics, 1995. It is increasingly recognized that egg quality is of critical importance and women of advanced maternal age have eggs of reduced capacity for normal and successful fertilization. Twelve months is the lower reference limit for Time to Pregnancy (TTP) by the World Health Organization.[7] a woman over 35 has not conceived after six months of contraceptive-free sexual intercourse. Submucosal fibroids are the type if fibroid that has clearly been demonstrated to reduce pregnancy rate, roughly by 50%, and removal of which will double pregnancy rate.

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Couples who do not conceive after treatment for six cycles with documented ovulation should also consider referral to an infertility specialist. Ductal blockage, as a result of an infection or congenital abnormality, may occur in the ducts that carry sperm from the testicles to the penis. 6) Male factors affecting sperm function: Male factor infertility has been associated as a contributing factor causing infertility in 40-50% percent of cases, and as the sole cause for infertility in 15-20% percent of cases. Laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery belong to the broader field of endoscopy. About one out of every three cases of infertility is due to the man alone, and we're somehow involved in infertility about half the time. Many men with low sperm counts or abnormal semen are still fertile. Anabolic steroids: Popular with bodybuilders and athletes, long-term use can seriously reduce sperm count and mobility. This pill generally is taken from menstrual cycle days 3 – 7. A history of pelvic infections or sexually transmitted diseases: Sexually transmitted infections, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea, can cause inflammation and permanent scarring of the fallopian tubes. Existing definitions of infertility lack uniformity, rendering comparisons in prevalence between countries or over time problematic. In addition, infertility is considered also a public problem.