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Infertility rates have increased by 4% since the 1980s, mostly from problems with fecundity due to an increase in age.[72] Fertility problems affect one in seven couples in the UK. This abnormality is usually surgically corrected in infancy. Ovulation disorders About one quarter of infertility cases are due to ovulation disorders. You can be a working couple, a working mother or father, a stay at home parent or retired. IVF involves removal of eggs directly from the ovary, fertilization with sperm in the laboratory, followed by transfer of the embryos directly into the uterus, thereby bypassing the tubes. RE: The Impalpable Testis: A Rational Approach to Management. (PDF, 389 KB) The Journal of Urology, 1979.

There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility? The fluid comes from the prostate gland, the seminal vesicle, and other sex glands. Once eggs and sperm are collected, the actual process of injecting a single sperm into the egg is carried out in a laboratory using a petri dish or a glass slide with a well in the center. Health problems such as mumps or hormone problems.

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Exposure to some chemicals: Some pesticides, herbicides, metals, such as lead, and solvents have been linked to fertility problems in both men and women. Any condition that interferes with these events may result in infertility. If you’re having trouble conceiving, you are certainly not alone. The feelings experienced by the infertile couples include depression, grief, guilt, shame, and inadequacy with social isolation. Of adults with who are infected with mumps, 25% develop orchitis; two thirds of cases are unilateral, and one third are bilateral.

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Debate over whether health insurance companies (e.g. in the US) should be required to cover infertility treatment. Religious leaders' opinions on fertility treatments; for example, the Roman Catholic Church views infertility as a calling to adopt or to use natural treatments (medication, surgery, or cycle charting) and members must reject assisted reproductive technologies. In 1901, Georg Kelling of Dresden, Germany, performed the first laparoscopic procedure in dogs, and, in 1910, Hans Christian Jacobaeus of Sweden performed the first laparoscopic operation in humans.[35] In the ensuing several decades, numerous individuals refined and popularized the approach further for laparoscopy. Once a follicle containing an egg reaches a mature size, another hormone injection called HCG is often given to mimic the natural LH surge that occurs at the time of ovulation. Reproductive Biology. (PDF, 147 KB) The Scientist, 1996.

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Clinical Characterization of 42 Oligospermic or Azoospermic Men with Microdeletion of the AZFc Region of the Y Chromosome, and of 18 Children Conceived via ICSI. (PDF, 606 KB) Human Reproduction, 2002. Vasoepididymostomy to the Head of the Epididymis: Recovery of Normal Spermatozoal Motility. (PDF, 3 MB)Fertility and Sterility, 1980. Preliminary Tests of a New Reversible Male Contraceptive in Bush Dog, Speothos Venaticus: Open-ended Vasectomy and Microscopic Reversal. (PDF, 106 KB) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife, 2006. Moderate alcohol consumption has not been shown to lower fertility in most men, but it may affect those who already have a low sperm count. Fertilization takes place outside the body, and the fertilized egg is reinserted into the woman's reproductive tract, in a procedure called embryo transfer. Evaluation of the Female Partner: Other Tests Other tests to evaluate a woman’s fertility include: Hysterosalpinogram (HSG). ICSI with Epididymal and Testicular Sperm in Azoospermic Men. (PDF, 2 MB) From Treatment of Infertility: The New Frontiers, 1998. 8 Involvement in group counseling and exercise is more effective than weight loss advice alone.