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Society and culture[edit] Perhaps except for infertility in science fiction, films and other fiction depicting emotional struggles of assisted reproductive technology have had an upswing first in the latter part of the 2000s decade, although the techniques have been available for decades.[76] Yet, the number of people that can relate to it by personal experience in one way or another is ever growing, and the variety of trials and struggles is huge.[76] Pixar's Up contains a depiction of infertility in an extended life montage that lasts the first few minutes of the film.[77] Other individual examples are referred to individual subarticles of assisted reproductive technology Ethics[edit] There are several ethical issues associated with infertility and its treatment. Perspectives on infertility consultations in primary care: a qualitative study. Recent Advances in Male Reproductive Surgery. (PDF, 10 MB) Chapter 13 from Annual Progress in Reproductive Medicine, 1993.

In women, lead poisoning reduces conceptions and increases the risk of fetal wastage. One of the best known is the HFEA – The UK's regulator for fertility treatment and embryo research. If the epididymis is blocked, sperm may not be ejaculated properly.

More Information About Who Infertility Causes

More Information Around Who Infertility Causes

Using these criteria, he reported a clinically significant threshold of 14% normal forms as an excellent predictor of IVF success. Clark AM, Thornley B, Tomlinson L, Galletley C, Norman RJ. As a result, infertility has come to be defined as the inability to conceive within 12 months. When anatomic variance or obstruction is suspected, referral for surgical evaluation and treatment is appropriate. Follicular puncture Embryo transfer Ovarian stimulation Postcoital test In-vitro cultivation 3. Varicocele A varicocele is a swelling of the veins that drain the testicle, which can impact sperm quality.

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Testosterone is a key hormone for male fertility, so problems with the testes that produce this hormone may lead to infertility. To reach timely ovulations, ovulation triggers are combined with chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG). Fertilizing Capacity of Epididymal and Testicular Sperm using Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI). (PDF, 7 MB)Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 1995.

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Veltman-Verhulst SM, Cohlen BJ, Hughes E, Heineman MJ. Inhibin B levels have been reported to decrease with increasing weight, which results in decreased Sertoli cells and sperm production. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility? Prolonged estrus may be caused by ovarian cysts that produce estrogen, functional ovarian tumors, or exogenous estrogens (including human transdermal hormone replacement therapy). Minimal Ovarian Stimulation (mini-IVF) for IVF Utilizing Vitrification and Cryopreserved Embryo Transfer. (PDF, 406 KB) Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2010. Vasectomy. (PDF, 5 MB) From the Encyclopedia of Reproduction, 1999. Twelve months is the lower reference limit for Time to Pregnancy (TTP) by the World Health Organization.[7] a woman over 35 has not conceived after six months of contraceptive-free sexual intercourse. Epididymal Extravasation Following Vasectomy as a Cause for Failure of Vasectomy Reversal. (PDF, 22 MB)Fertility and Sterility, 1979. If an endocrinopathy, such as hyperprolactinemia, is diagnosed, the underlying cause should be treated. Each day of abstinence is typically associated with an increase in semen volume of 0. 44 Therefore, a simple recommendation is for vaginal intercourse every two to three days to optimize the chance of pregnancy. Some diseases: Conditions that are sometimes linked to lower fertility in males are anemia, Cushing's syndrome, diabetes, and thyroid disease. The Relationship of Abnormal Semen Values to Pregnancy Outcome. (PDF, 770 KB) Chapter 10 from textbook, 1992.