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In these cases the duration of the infertility is the best parameter by which to judge the chances of future natural conception; the longer the time of infertility then the sooner intervention should be considered.April 23–29 is National Infertility Awareness Week and is intended to increase awareness of infertility, which affects the reproductive systems of both women and men (1). Secondary infertility When a woman is unable to bear a child, either due to the inability to become pregnant or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth following either a previous pregnancy or a previous ability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth, she would be classified as having secondary infertility. Those with a varicocele diagnosable only on scrotal ultrasonography have subclinical varicoceles and will likely not benefit from repair. If left untreated, infections like chlamydia, gonorrhea, and mycoplasma can eventually lead to infertility.  The reproductive process In order to successfully conceive, certain reproductive steps must occur, and they are as follows: One of the ovaries releases a mature egg.

Causes of infertility and sterility in men The male factor is difficult to evaluate because sperm analyses do not always indicate if there is a problem or not. Debate over whether health insurance companies (e.g. in the US) should be required to cover infertility treatment. Financing fertility treatment can also be costly, but there are programs that can help with this.Infertility is when you cannot get pregnant after having unprotected, regular sex for six months to one year, depending on your age. Erectile dysfunction Hormonal changes, psychological factors, or physical issues may make it difficult to get or keep an erection. Sermondade N, Faure C, Fezeu L, Lévy R, Czernichow S; Obesity-Fertility Collaborative Group. ED may be the consequence of the conversion of androgens to estradiol.

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Chemotherapy: Some types may significantly reduce sperm count. Round Spermatid Injection. (PDF, 422 KB) Fertility and Sterility, 2000.

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Live Birth Following Day Surgery Reversal of Female Sterilisation in Women Older then 40 Year: A Realistic Option in Australia? (PDF, 156 KB) Medical Journal of Australia, 2007. Perfect Anatomical Reconstruction of Vas Deferens with a new Microscopic Surgical Technique. (PDF, 19 MB)Fertility and Sterility, 1977. Physical Problems A variety of physical problems can cause male infertility.  These problems either interfere with the sperm production process or disrupt the pathway down which sperm travel from the testes to the tip of the penis.  These problems are usually characterized by a low sperm count and/or abnormal sperm morphology.  The following is a list of the most common physical problems that cause male infertility: Variocoele: A varicocele is an enlargement of the internal spermatic veins that drain blood from the testicle to the abdomen (back to the heart) and are present in 15% of the general male population and 40% of infertile men.  These images show what a variocoele looks like externally and internally.  A varicocele develops when the one way valves in these spermatic veins are damaged causing an abnormal back flow of blood from the abdomen into the scrotum creating a hostile environment for sperm development.  Varicocoeles may cause reduced sperm count and abnormal sperm morphology which cause infertility.  Variococles can usually be diagnosed by a physical examination of the scrotum which can be aided by the Doppler stethoscope and scrotal ultrasound.  Varicocoele can be treated in many ways (see treatment section), but the most successful treatments involve corrective surgery. Epidemiological definition of infertility (for monitoring and surveillance) Women of reproductive age (15–49 years) at risk of becoming pregnant (not pregnant, sexually active, not using contraception and not lactating) who report trying unsuccessfully for a pregnancy for two years or more. (Reproductive Health Indicators) Infertility as a disability Disability: Infertility generates disability (an impairment of function), and thus access to health care falls under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability. Abdominal myomectomy is a surgical procedure performed through a very low horizontal abdominal incision allowing access to the uterus for removal of fibroids. The testicular-epididymal component includes sperm and comprises about 5% of the ejaculate volume.

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No periods It’s not uncommon for women to have an off month here and there. Vasectomy and Vasectomy Reversal. (PDF, 7 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1978. A Series of Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Ovarian Failure: Ovary Transplantation (Cortical versus Microvascular) and Crypreservation. (PDF, 791 KB) Human Reproduction, 2008. Causes of Male Infertility Male infertility may be a result of some conditions that affect the quality of sperm, lead to low sperm production (oligospermia), or lead to the absence of sperm production (azoospermia). The results of these tests help determine the best fertility treatment. Sterility can affect both men and women, with the cause involving either one or both parties. Prostatitis can be subclinical or contribute to subfertility and infertility in dogs. Editorial: The Cure and Proliferation of Male Infertility. (PDF, 2 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1998. Other conditions that affect the quality and quantity of sperm include: Primary testicular failure. 47 Motivational interviewing techniques for modifiable risk factors, such as obesity, tobacco, illicit drugs, and alcohol, can decrease the targeted risk factor.