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The first transatlantic surgery (Lindbergh operation) ever performed was a laparoscopic gallbladder removal. Mumps, leading to orchitis (testicular inflammation), may cause secondary testicular atrophy in the small number of men infected after puberty. Therefore, data estimating the prevalence of infertility cited by various sources differs significantly.[8] A couple that tries unsuccessfully to have a child after a certain period of time (often a short period, but definitions vary) is sometimes said to be subfertile, meaning less fertile than a typical couple. In fact, the “window of opportunity” for fertilization is thought to last only a few hours, thus requiring sperm availability in the female genital tract at or shortly before ovulation. The initial dosage of clomiphene is 50 mg daily for five days starting on day 3 to 5 of the menstrual cycle.

The volume summarizes the results gained from the study of more than 10,000 infertile couples, who were investigated as part of the WHO's programme to counter the widespread personal distress caused by infertility. Exposure to some chemicals: Some pesticides, herbicides, metals, such as lead, and solvents have been linked to fertility problems in both men and women. Antisperm antibodies may form when the blood-testis barrier is breached because of infection, vasectomy, testicular torsion, cryptorchidism, or testicular trauma. Unexpected resilience of species with temperature-dependent sex determination at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary. (PDF, 238 KB) Biology Letters, 2010. Semen and sperm Sometimes the sperm cannot travel effectively to meet the egg. Chronic anovulation is a common cause of infertility.

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This was set up on 1 August 1991 following a detailed commission of enquiry led by Mary Warnock in the 1980s A similar model to the HFEA has been adopted by the rest of the countries in the European Union. On the day of ovulation, a mucus sample is taken after intercourse. If a deficit of greater than 1 L is recorded, the procedure should be terminated, and, preferably, the myomectomy should be completed in a second hysteroscopic attempt. The patients often suffer from appearances of virilization and manlike hair patterns. Exposure to some chemicals: Some pesticides, herbicides, metals, such as lead, and solvents have been linked to fertility problems in both men and women. The sperm is washed in a fluid and the best specimens are selected.

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It is specially oriented for cancer patients, whose sperm is destroyed due to the gonadotoxic treatment they are submitted to.[70] Ovaric stem cells: it is thought that women have a finite number of follicles from the very beginning. Conventional IVF vs ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection) for Patients Requiring Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA). (PDF, 4 MB) Chapter from textbook, Frontiers in Endocrinology: Perspectives on Assisted Reproduction, 1994.

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Recovery of Spermatogenesis after Testicle Autotransplantation in an Adult Male. (PDF, 2 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1982. Because 85% of couples conceive spontaneously within 12 months if having intercourse regularly,5 it is important to identify those who will benefit from infertility evaluation. Hysteroscopy is the inspection of the uterine cavity through the cervix by a hysteroscope attached to a camera which projects to a screen. The presence of open tubes is essential for natural conception, as sperm must traverse the tubes in order to reach and fertilize the ovulated egg. When the eggs are mature, your doctor collects them with a device called a vaginal ultrasound probe. ICSI with Epididymal and Testicular Sperm Retrieval. (PDF, 1 MB) Male Sterility and Motility Disorders: Etiological Factors and Treatment, 1998. Human menopausal gonadotropins Crowe discovered that the gonads were under the control of the anterior hypophysis. [175] Zondek and Aschheim discovered that FSH and LH were responsible for the development of the gonads in immature animals and confirmed Crowe's work. [135, 136] In the 1930s, ovulation induction was attempted by using gonadotropins from a mare, but its use was discontinued because of the development of antibodies. [176, 177] Borth et al demonstrated the effect of FSH and LH extracted from menopausal urine. [178, 179] Gemzell reported the first ovulation induction using human pituitary gonadotropin in 1958, and the first pregnancy was reported in 1960. [180, 181] Lunenfeld reported preliminary results using hMG; however, in 1963, it was definitely established as a real ovulation induction agent. [182, 183, 184] Human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG [eg, Repronex, Menopur]) contains 75 U of FSH and 75 U of LH per mL, although the concentration may vary among batches (ranges from FSH at 60-90 U and LH at 60-120 U). The predictable pregnancy rate for this group is about 5% after timed intercourse, 10% after superovulation with intrauterine insemination (IUI), and 15% to 25% after assisted reproduction techniques (ART) [41]. Ovulation induction agents increase the risk of multiple pregnancy, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and thrombosis, and they may increase the risk of ovarian cancer in women who remain nulliparous. According to ESHRE recommendations, couples with an estimated live birth rate of 40% or higher per year are encouraged to continue aiming for a spontaneous pregnancy.[66] Treatment methods for infertility may be grouped as medical or complementary and alternative treatments.