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Algorithm for infertility evaluation. (ART = assisted reproductive technology.) Infertility Evaluation Figure 1. Etiologies include cysts (midline and eccentric), ductal calcification and stones, postinfectious, and postoperative. Intracytoplasmatic Sperm Injection (ICSI) An intracytoplasmatic sperm injection is also a form of artificial insemination. Microsurgical Reversal of Tubal Sterilization: Factors Affecting Pregnancy Rate, with Long-term Follow-up. (PDF, 2 MB) Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1984.

Less common factors The following other factors may also be responsible for infertility in a smaller proportion of cases: • Genetic abnormalities within eggs, sperm or both • An abnormal uterine cavity, including the presence of fibroids or polyps • Immunological infertility, whereby either the male or female partner produces anti-bodies against sperm cells or implantation of an embryo • Abnormal cervical mucus which hinders the passage of sperm to the uterus and fallopian tubes Unexplained infertility Even when investigations have been extensive, some couples will have no reason with which to explain their infertility. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis stimulatory and inhibitory signals. A normal testicle contains 600-1200 seminiferous tubules with a total length of approximately 250 meters. Sterility is classified into two groups, primary and secondary. Used by some clinicians to evaluate the motility of the sperm and its ability to travel through the cervical mucus.

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The fluid comes from the prostate gland, the seminal vesicle, and other sex glands. The other cases are caused by a mixture of male and female problems or by unknown problems. This reduction division (ie, meiosis) results in a haploid chromosome number. A sperm count of under 15 million is considered low. Although relatively uncommon, eating disorders can negatively affect menstruation, fertility, and maternal and fetal well-being.

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2) Ovulation disorders: Normal and regular ovulation, or release of a mature egg, is essential for women to conceive naturally. It has been proven useful in overcoming infertility conditions, such as blocked or damaged tubes, endometriosis, repeated IUI failure, unexplained infertility, poor ovarian reserve, poor or even nil sperm count. 8 Intrauterine insemination and ovulation induction do not result in increased pregnancy rates in women with unexplained infertility. 5) Endometrial polyps: Endometrial polyps are finger-like growths in the uterine cavity arising from the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, These abnormalities are rarely associated with cancer (<1% in a woman before menopause), but polyps are can decrease fertility by up to 50% according to some studies.

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Sex any time in the five days before ovulation can create a pregnancy. Human menopausal gonadotropin, or hMG (Repronex): This contains both FSH and LH. Common causes of infertility of females include: ovulation problems (e.g. polycystic ovarian syndrome, PCOS, the leading reason why women present to fertility clinics due to anovulatory infertility.[58]) tubal blockage pelvic inflammatory disease caused by infections like tuberculosis age-related factors uterine problems previous tubal ligation endometriosis advanced maternal age immune infertility Males[edit] The main cause of male infertility is low semen quality. Histologic endometrial dating is not considered reliable nor is it predictive of fertility. A woman who keeps having miscarriages is also considered infertile. Those who do have fertility problems are treated according to the following guidelines: [112, 113, 114] Chronic cervical factor of absence of mucus - Intrauterine insemination Cervical incompetence - Cerclage Damage/absence of fallopian tubes (ectopic) - In vitro fertilization Unicornuate uterus A unicornuate uterus remains undetected unless fertility is compromised. 10 Data Sources: A PubMed search was completed using the key terms infertility, subfertility, treatment, etiology, and diagnosis. He also developed a medical instrument company Wisap in Munich, Germany, which still produces various endoscopic instruments of high quality. Image: “ICSI of marmoset oocytes after in vitro maturation.” by openi. Fertility Evaluation of the Female Partner: Evidence of Ovulation There are a variety of tests to check if and when the woman is ovulating. Supplementation with acetyl L carnitine and antioxidants such as Vitamins C or E are encouraged to enhance sperm maturation and function. 5 percent of infertile men and may be controlled by medications like decongestants which contract the bladder sphincter or surgical reconstruction of the bladder neck can restore normal ejaculation. Factors Affecting Fertility: Timing of Intercourse Intercourse prior to ovulation is key to maximizing the chance of pregnancy. Chemotherapy: Some chemotherapy drugs can result in ovarian failure.