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Abnormal semen may not be able to carry the sperm effectively. Medication. If you have ovulation problems, you may be prescribed drugs such as clomiphene citrate (Clomid, Serophene), gonadotropins (such as Gonal-F, Follistim, Humegon and Pregnyl), or letrozole. Testicular histology reveals hyalinization of seminiferous tubules.[21] Some men with Klinefelter syndrome may be able to conceive with the help of assisted reproductive techniques.

Linthicum, Md.: American Urological Association, Inc.; 2010. Cervical stenosis (a narrowed cervix) or the lack of cervical mucus often make it harder for sperm to travel through the cervix into the uterus.

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Treatment of Female Infertility: Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is a term used to collectively describe a number of noncoital methods of conception that treat causes of infertility not responsive to conventional methods. Furthermore, myomas in the uterus lead to occlusions of the lumen and so cause sterility. The rising number of obese individuals may be due in part to an energy-rich diet as well as insufficient physical exercise.  In addition to other potential health risks, obesity can have a significant impact on male and female fertility. Treatment The cost of infertility treatment is high [34]. Thyroid problems: An overactive or underactive thyroid gland can lead to a hormonal imbalance. Medications, treatments, and drugs Some drugs can affect fertility in a woman.

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The relation between daily activities and scrotal temperature. Transplantation of a Human Testis for Anorchia. (PDF, 19 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1978. Mannitol Induced Central Nervous System Toxicity in Renal Failure. (PDF, 4 MB) Investigative Urology, 1972. 8,33,35,36 Lastly, in vitro fertilization, with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection, is the mainstay of assisted reproductive technology for male factor infertility.

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Excess alcohol consumption: This may lower male fertility. GnRH analog ([GnRHa], leuprolide acetate, nafarelin acetate, goserelin acetate) causes down-regulation of the pituitary, inducing chemical menopause after injections of 3. Choice of infertility treatment often related to issues of efficacy, cost, ease of use or administration, and its side effects. Because 85% of couples conceive spontaneously within 12 months if having intercourse regularly,5 it is important to identify those who will benefit from infertility evaluation. Microsurgery of the Male Genitalia for Infertility. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter 59 from Reconstructive Urologic Surgery, 1994. In humans, infertility is the inability to become pregnant after one year of intercourse without contraception involving a male and female partner.[2] There are many causes of infertility, including some that medical intervention can treat.[3] Estimates from 1997 suggest that worldwide about five percent of all heterosexual couples have an unresolved problem with infertility. Surprisingly, the complete absence of sperm in the semen (a condition known as azoospermia), can be a good thing. Omitting unnecessary investigations, in particular couples, could reduce total cost of their infertility management without compromising their success rate. Idiopathic Hypercalciuria. (PDF, 1 MB) New England Journal of Medicine, 1971. Several studies indicate that in some cases, a simple change in lifestyle could help patients suffering from anovulation. Causes of infertility include male factors, ovulatory dysfunction, uterine abnormalities, tubal obstruction, peritoneal factors, or cervical factors. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility? IVF and other fertility treatments have resulted in an increase in multiple births, provoking ethical analysis because of the link between multiple pregnancies, premature birth, and a host of health problems. Due to the relative high cost of the equipment required, however, it has not become commonplace in most traditional practices today but rather limited to specialty-type practices. Infertility tests for men The doctor will ask the man about his medical history, medications, and sexual habits and carry out a physical examination. 3,4  Infertility may arise from male factors, female factors, or a combination of these (Table 15–8).