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Microsurgery and Andrology. (PDF, 5 MB) Chapter from textbook, 1991. World Health Organization[edit] The World Health Organization defines infertility as follows:[10] United States[edit] One definition of infertility that is frequently used in the United States by reproductive endocrinologists, doctors who specialize in infertility, to consider a couple eligible for treatment is: a woman under 35 has not conceived after 12 months of contraceptive-free intercourse. HMG contains equal quantities of FSH and LH and are administered intramuscularly. Investigations will be requested to prove the clinical diagnosis and to exclude other close possibilities. This allows for the diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as endometriosis with one procedure. A decreased testosterone level with an increased FSH level points to primary hypogonadism.

Infection and Disease: Mumps, tuberculosis, brucellosis, gonorrhea, typhoid, influenza, smallpox, and syphilis can cause testicular atrophy.  A low sperm count and low sperm motility are indicators of this condition.  Also, elevated FSH levels and other hormonal problems are indicative of testicular damage.  Some STDs like gonorrhea and chlamydia can cause infertility by blocking the epididimis or tubes.  These conditions are usually treated by hormonal replacement therapy and surgery in the case of tubular blockage. It is often prescribed for Crohn's disease or rheumatoid arthritis. Human menopausal gonadotropin, or hMG (Repronex): This contains both FSH and LH. Other considerations include preconception screening and vaccination for preventable diseases such as rubella and varicella, sexually transmitted infections, and cervical cancer, based on appropriate guidelines and risk.

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A systematic review of tests predicting ovarian reserve and IVF outcome. Infertility and impaired fecundity in the United States, 1982–2010: data from the National Survey of Family Growth. Alternatively, the patient may bypass surgical treatment and proceed directly to intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilization, depending on the severity and the female partner's age. There are numerous conditions that can contribute to infertility in men and women.

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Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Additionally, surgery, radiation or chemotherapy to treat tumors can affect male fertility. Men who are underweight tend to have lower sperm concentrations than those who are at a normal BMI. The resulting embryos are then transferred into the uterus of the future mother, known as the recipient. Some couples experience pressure from society, parents and family, who expect that they wish to have children. World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics.

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Also, parotitis o mumps associated with male infertility when it happens during adolescence. Small or firm testicles could indicate potential issues that should be explored by a medical practitioner. About 85% of couples will have had a pregnancy by that point. “If they are over 30, they should seek evaluation after six months.” Continued Common causes of male infertility The “male factor” contributes to infertility around half the time, and about one third of the time, it's the main cause of infertility. Other tests include: ovarian reserve testing, to find out how effective the eggs are after ovulation genetic testing, to see if a genetic abnormality is interfering with fertility pelvic ultrasound, to produce an image of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries Chlamydia test, which may indicate the need for antibiotic treatment thyroid function test, as this may affect the hormonal balance Complications Some complications can result from infertility and its treatment. Carcinoma in the Bladder Left Behind. (PDF, 3 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1973. On Regenerating the Ovary and Generating Controversy. (PDF, 37 KB) Cell, 2005. Erectile Disfunction (ED): Also known as impotence, this condition is common and affects 20 million American men.  ED is the result of a single, or more commonly a combination of multiple factors.  In the past, ED was thought to be the result of psychological problems, but new research indicates that 90 percent of cases are organic in nature.  However, most men who suffer from ED have a secondary psychological problem that can worsen the situation like performance anxiety, guilt, and low self-esteem.  Many of the common causes of impotence include:  diabetes, high blood pressure, heart and vascular disease, stress, hormone problems, pelvic surgery, trauma, venous leak, and the side effects of frequently prescribed medications (i.e. Mental stress: Stress can be a factor, especially if it leads to reduced sexual activity. Risk factors for male infertility include obesity, age (over 40 -- yes, men also have biological clocks), current or previous infection of an STD, smoking, or excessive drinking. Author disclosure: No relevant financial affiliations.


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