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It has been suggested that infertility be classified as a form of disability.[22] Causes[edit] Immune infertility[edit] Antisperm antibodies (ASA) have been considered as infertility cause in around 10–30% of infertile couples.[23] In both men and women, ASA production are directed against surface antigens on sperm, which can interfere with sperm motility and transport through the female reproductive tract, inhibiting capacitation and acrosome reaction, impaired fertilization, influence on the implantation process, and impaired growth and development of the embryo. The lab uses this sample to measure the amount of semen and the number of sperm and to evaluate sperm shape and movement. Blockage of the ejaculatory duct: Sperm can be extracted directly from the testicles and injected into an egg in the laboratory. Some women are infertile because their ovaries do not mature and release eggs. Vasectomy and Vasectomy Reversal. (PDF, 7 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1978. Povey AC, Clyma JA, McNamee R, et al.; Participating Centres of Chaps-UK.

Varicoceles are repaired with surgery to block off the abnormal veins. Normal Pregnancies Resulting from Testicular Sperm Extraction and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection for Azoospermia Due to Maturation Arrest. (PDF, 6 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1996. To assist in the luteal phase, the patient is given beta-HCG or progesterone. A Modern Approach to Male Infertility. (PDF, 2 MB) Serono Symposia, Insights Into Infertility Newsletter, 1997.

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Group II: hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian dysfunction (predominately polycystic ovary syndrome). In GIFT, the sperm and eggs are mixed together before a doctor inserts them. Most surgical treatment for endometriosis is currently performed through operative laparoscopy. [145, 146, 147] Laparotomy has been relegated to the treatment of severe disease or if a need for hysterectomy arises. [145] Medical treatment Medical treatment is directed toward suppressing estrogen production by the ovary. Gas tends to rise, and when a pocket of CO2 rises in the abdomen, it pushes against the diaphragm (the muscle that separates the abdominal from the thoracic cavities and facilitates breathing), and can exert pressure on the phrenic nerve. In a third of cases, the reason lies only with the man; in another third, it is because of the woman; and in the rest of the cases, it is a combination of both, or the cause is unknown. Therefore, any pituitary malfunctioning affects other glands under its influence, including the ovaries.

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Many of the same surgeries performed in humans can be applied to animal cases – everything from an egg-bound tortoise to a German Shepherd can benefit from MIS. ART: Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) Another ART procedure  Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)  involves the injection of a single sperm into the egg. Microsurgery for the Undescended Testicle. (PDF, 5 MB) Urologic Clinics of North America, 1982. The medicalization of infertility has unwittingly led to a disregard for the emotional responses that couples experience, which include distress, loss of control, stigmatization, and a disruption in the developmental trajectory of adulthood.[16] Infertility may have psychological effects. If you’ve been diagnosed with infertility, or fear you may have trouble conceiving in the future, you’re not alone. RE: The Impalpable Testis: A Rational Approach to Management. (PDF, 389 KB) The Journal of Urology, 1979.

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Infertility in men Semen and sperm The most common cause of infertility in men is poor-quality semen, the fluid containing sperm that's ejaculated during sex. Vasectomy and its Microsurgical Reversal. (PDF, 17 MB) Urologic Clinics of North America, 1978. Intrauterine insemination is performed during a natural cycle or after ovulation induction with CC or gonadotropins. The doctor may ask about the couple's sexual habits and make recommendations regarding these. Similarly, there is no need for testing tubal patency for couples who will require IVF or ICSI procedure.