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Microsurgery for the Undescended Testicle. (PDF, 5 MB) Urologic Clinics of North America, 1982. Seminal vesicle aspiration revealing numerous sperm or a dynamic test such as injection of indigo carmine into the seminal vesicle or ejaculatory duct may be necessary for diagnosis.[31] Ejaculation issues Anejaculation/retrograde ejaculation may be due to an open bladder neck or a lack of rhythmic contractions during ejaculation.Causes of Infertility A problem in any one of a number of key processes can result in infertility.

Although relatively uncommon, eating disorders can negatively affect menstruation, fertility, and maternal and fetal well-being. Microsurgery of the Male Genitalia for Infertility. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter 59 from Reconstructive Urologic Surgery, 1994. As they respond to hormones the same way as they would do in the uterus, that is by growing and shedding cyclically, endometriosis can cause both fallopian tube and ovarian scarring. In the majority of cases, there are no obvious symptoms that you may be infertile. Ideally, patients respond to replacement with exogenous GnRH or HCG, an LH analogue, although this does not always occur.

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The menopause is premature when it occurs before 40 years of age. Infection: Some infections, such as gonorrhea or inflammation of the testicles, can affect sperm production or sperm health or can cause scarring that blocks the passage of sperm. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. To help objectify sperm morphology and therefore enhance the consistency and reproducibility among laboratories, Kruger introduced a definition of "strict criteria" in 1986. If GnRH is not secreted, the pituitary does not release LH and FSH. 0.[44] Environmental factors Toxins such as glues, volatile organic solvents or silicones, physical agents, chemical dusts, and pesticides.[45][46] Tobacco smokers are 60% more likely to be infertile than non-smokers.[47] German scientists have reported that a virus called adeno-associated virus might have a role in male infertility,[48] though it is otherwise not harmful.[49] Other diseases such as chlamydia, and gonorrhea can also cause infertility, due to internal scarring (fallopian tube obstruction).[50][51][52] Alimentary habits[53] Obesity: The obesity epidemic has recently become is a serious issue, particularly in industrialized nations.

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Antisperm antibodies may form when the blood-testis barrier is breached because of infection, vasectomy, testicular torsion, cryptorchidism, or testicular trauma. Vasectomy Reversal. (PDF, 733 KB) The New England Journal of Medicine, 1977. It will take time until these studies can be available for clinics and patients as a regularity.

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Sperm count often returns to normal after stopping the medication. Traumatic Renal Hemorrhage Treatment by Arterial Embolization. (PDF, 3 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1973. This should be followed by documentation of ovulation via serum progesterone. M. genitalium infection is associated with increased risk of infertility.[25][26] Genetic[edit] A Robertsonian translocation in either partner may cause recurrent spontaneous abortions or complete infertility.[citation needed] Mutations to NR5A1 gene encoding Steroidogenic Factor-1 (SF-1) have been found in a small subset of men with non-obstructive male factor infertility where the cause is unknown. It varies with the age (the optimal female age is between 23 and 39 years) and with body weight (the ideal body mass index is between 19 and 30). The Male-specific Region of the Human Y Chromsome is a Mosaic of Discrete Sequence Classes. (PDF, 754 KB) Nature, 2003. After ruling out female infertility concerns, tests for male infertility may be needed.