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Ascites Petechial bleedings Weight loss Visual disorders Gait pattern in small steps 2. After repair, 40-70% of patients have improved semen parameters, while 40% are able to impregnate their partner without other interventions. Many more couples, however, experience involuntary childlessness for at least one year: estimates range from 12% to 28%.[4] Male infertility is responsible for 20–30% of infertility cases, while 20–35% are due to female infertility, and 25–40% are due to combined problems in both parts.[2][5] In 10–20% of cases, no cause is found.[5] The most common cause of female infertility is ovulatory problems, which generally manifest themselves by sparse or absent menstrual periods.[6] Male infertility is most commonly due to deficiencies in the semen, and semen quality is used as a surrogate measure of male fecundity.[7] Women who are fertile experience a natural period of fertility before and during ovulation, and they are naturally infertile for the rest of the menstrual cycle. Factors affecting Fertility Frequency/Timing of sexual intercourse: - Every 2 to 3 days optimises the chance of pregnancy Obesity: - Women who have BMI of over 30 should be informed that they are likely to take longer to conceive and will affect treatment success rates.

Embryos transfer is performed in the office under abdominal ultrasound guidance using a small, soft, sterile and flexible catheter. Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) – This test is essential for evaluating fallopian tubal patency, uterine filling defects such as fibroids and polyps, and scarring of the uterine cavity (Asherman syndrome). The ICSI process takes place following a cycle during which fertility drugs are administered to the female partner to aid in the production of multiple eggs. Irregular ovulation can be due to many issues, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), obesity, being underweight, and thyroid issues. Causes include: Surgery: Pelvic surgery can sometimes cause scarring or damage to the fallopian tubes.

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Fimbrial phimosis and periadnexal disease can be treated with laparoscopy. [134, 135, 136, 137, 138] The pregnancy rate after salpingolysis is 50-60% during the first year after treatment. Factors Affecting Fertility: Frequency of Intercourse Various factors may adversely affect fertility. 1 Among couples 15 to 44 years of age, nearly 7 million have used infertility services at some point. Clinical examinations start with ovarian causes of sterility. This leads to the final maturation and release of the egg.

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The quality of the cervical mucus can be improved with the administration of a small dose of estrogens, or the problem can be bypassed by intrauterine insemination. [163, 209] If the follicle is smaller than 23-24 mm at the time of ovulation, a better size can be obtained by starting the CC therapy on the menstrual cycle day 2. Due to the transfer of several embryos, there is the danger of multiple pregnancies. Earn up to 6 CME credits per issue.     To see the full article, log in or purchase access.

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A varicocele is a varicose vein found in the scrotum. Radiation therapy: If this is aimed near the reproductive organs, it can increase the risk of fertility problems. However, it could be the future for the treatment of multiple diseases, including infertility. Vasectomy. (PDF, 5 MB) From the Encyclopedia of Reproduction, 1999. The fertilized embryo is then transferred to womb. Between 45 and 50 percent of cases are thought to stem from factors that affect the man. In this case synthetic FSH by injection or Clomid (Clomiphene citrate) via a pill can be given to stimulate follicles to mature in the ovaries. Gonadotropins can trigger ovulation when Clomid or Serophene don't work. Surgical procedures for women If the fallopian tubes are blocked or scarred, surgical repair may make it easier for eggs to pass through. Drugs used for both women and men[67] include clomiphene citrate, human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues, aromatase inhibitors, and metformin. We can sometimes see evidence of pelvic scarring, such as when an ovary appears to be stuck to the uterus.