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Difficulties getting pregnant increase from 35 years of age. Radiopaque dye is instilled into the uterine cavity through the cervix and x-rays are taken.

Primary infertility is when a couple has not conceived after trying for at least 12 months without using birth control Secondary infertility is when they have previously conceived but are no longer able to. Assessment of efficacy of varicocele repair for male subfertility: a systematic review.

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Other medical techniques are e.g. tuboplasty, assisted hatching, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. As in the case of sterility, the process will get under way right away in those cases where there is a background of reproduction issues.

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If a tube is blocked and filled with fluid (called a hydrosalpinx), then minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopy or hysteroscopy) to either remove the tube or block/separate it from the uterus prior to any fertility treatments is recommended. Many couples with infertility issues go on to have successful pregnancies. Testicular Transplantation and Autotransplantation. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter 22 of textbook, Extracorporeal and Microvascular Surgery, 1982. Endometrial polyps Endometrial polyps are growths found in the uterine cavity. Microsurgery for Vasectomy Reversal and Vasoepididymostomy. (PDF, 13 MB) Urology, 1984. Maternal age Infertility due to age is one of the most common causes of female infertility.

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Irregular periods The average woman’s cycle is 28 days long. A couple should see a healthcare provider if they have not been able to become pregnant after 12 months of having sex regularly without birth control. Tumors Cancers and nonmalignant tumors can affect the male reproductive organs directly, through the glands that release hormones related to reproduction, such as the pituitary gland, or through unknown causes. Prolactinoma A prolactin-secreting adenoma is the most common functional pituitary tumor. However, its value has been questioned because some studies have found no correlation between the presence or absence of viable sperm in the mucus and subsequent fertility. The optimum fertile period is around 23 years of age when only 5% of women have issues getting pregnant. The likelihood of fertilization improves significantly for men with low sperm concentrations. Defects in cilia Immotile cilia syndrome may occur as an isolated disorder or as part of Kartagener syndrome with situs inversus. Causes Potential causes of male infertility are: The complete absence of sperm (azoospermia) Low sperm count (oligospermia) Abnormal sperm shape (teratozoospermia) Problems with sperm movement (asthenozoospermia) Sperm that is completely immobile (necrozoospermia); the sperm may be alive and not moving, or they may be dead Problems with sperm delivery, due to sexual dysfunction, an obstruction, previous vasectomy, or retrograde ejaculation Problems with erections or other sexual problems There are a variety of conditions that may lead to male infertility. The prevalence varies widely, being less in developed countries and more in developing countries where limited resources for investigation and treatment are available [2]. The Use of Epididymal Sperm in Assisted Reproduction. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter from textbook, Frontiers in Endocrinology: Perspectives on Assisted Reproduction, 1994. Ejaculation disorders Ejaculation disorders include premature ejaculation, anejaculation (the failure to ejaculate), and retrograde ejaculation, which is when semen enters the bladder during orgasm instead of coming out the tip of the penis. A low testosterone level with a low FSH level signals a secondary cause.