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Exposure to some chemicals: Some pesticides, herbicides, metals, such as lead, and solvents have been linked to fertility problems in both men and women. Further reading[edit] Fertility: Assessment and Treatment for People with Fertility Problems. Clean, Intermittent Self-catheterization in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Disease. (PDF, 2 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1972. A Series of Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Ovarian Failure: Ovary Transplantation (Cortical versus Microvascular) and Crypreservation. (PDF, 791 KB) Human Reproduction, 2008. Evaluation should be pursued by 6 months of attempted pregnancy in women with a known history of these abnormalities or a history of bleeding between menstrual cycles.

Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. According to the literature survey, the most common causes of infertility are: male factor [5,7-9,13-15] such as sperm abnormalities [9,13,15], female factor [7-9,14-16] such as ovulation dysfunction [7,8] and tubal pathology [7-9], combined male and female factors [7,9,14,15] and unexplained infertility; where no obvious cause could be detected [7-9]. Linthicum, Md.: American Urological Association, Inc.; 2010. Results of Microsurgical Vasoepididymostomy: Role of Epididymis in Sperm Maturation. (PDF, 3 MB) Human Reproduction, 1989. Hypospadias: The urethral opening is under the penis, instead of its tip.

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This indicates whether the fallopian tubes are open or blocked. In most cases, only 1 follicle is recruited and develops until ovulation.

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There are some common risk factors that can increase the likelihood of a man experiencing some form of reversible or permanent infertility. It's used to remove polyps and fibroid tumors, divide scar tissue, and open up blocked tubes. 549 KB Effect of Age on Male Fertility. (PDF, 5 MB) Chapter from textbook, Seminars in Reproductive Endocrinology, 1991.

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Isolated LH deficiency (fertile eunuch) In these patients, LH levels are decreased while FSH levels are within the reference range. For patients wishing to conceive, the medical approach is not indicated, as it delays treatment for infertility. Varicocele The veins in a man’s scrotum (sac) can become too large. Intrauterine insemination. For this procedure, after semen gets rinsed with a special solution, a doctor places it into your uterus when you're ovulating. Problems with sexual intercourse These can include trouble keeping or maintaining an erection sufficient for sex (erectile dysfunction), premature ejaculation, painful intercourse, anatomical abnormalities such as having a urethral opening beneath the penis (hypospadias), or psychological or relationship problems that interfere with sex. Pregnancy with Sperm Aspiration from the Proximal Head of the Epididymis: A New Treatment for Congenital Absence of the Vas Deferens. (PDF, 2 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1988. Debate over whether health insurance companies (e.g. in the US) should be required to cover infertility treatment. With this treatment, the patient experience spermatogenesis, and therefore, it has the chance to have offspring if he wants to.