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An estimated 34 million women, predominantly from developing countries, have infertility which resulted from maternal sepsis and unsafe abortion (long term maternal morbidity resulting in a disability). The following problems are possible: Low sperm count: The man ejaculates a low number of sperm.

Investigations will be requested to prove the clinical diagnosis and to exclude other close possibilities. Risk factors for the formation of antisperm antibodies in men include the breakdown of the blood‑testis barrier, trauma and surgery, orchitis, varicocele, infections, prostatitis, testicular cancer, failure of immunosuppression and unprotected receptive anal or oral sex with men.[23][24] Sexually transmitted infections[edit] Infections with the following sexually transmitted pathogens have a negative effect on fertility: Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

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Allocation of medical resources that could be used elsewhere The legal status of embryos fertilized in vitro and not transferred in vivo. (See also beginning of pregnancy controversy). What Forms of Male Infertility are there left to Cure? (PDF, 2 MB) Human Reproduction, 1995. Thus those who repeatedly spontaneously miscarry or whose pregnancy results in a stillbirth, or following a previous pregnancy or a previous ability to do so, are then not unable to carry a pregnancy to a live birth would present with secondarily infertile. (Trends in prevalence4).A consultation once the evaluation has been completed is imperative. In the United States, around 10 percent of women aged 15 to 44 years are estimated to have difficulty conceiving or staying pregnant. No role for: Post-coital testing for cervical mucous. Endometrial Biopsy. Vasectomy. (PDF, 5 MB) From the Encyclopedia of Reproduction, 1999.

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6,23 Anovulatory women should have further investigation to determine treatable causes such as thyroid disorders or hyperprolactinemia based on symptoms. IVF and related techniques (ICSI, ZIFT, GIFT) are called assisted reproductive technology (ART) techniques.

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Other tests include: ovarian reserve testing, to find out how effective the eggs are after ovulation genetic testing, to see if a genetic abnormality is interfering with fertility pelvic ultrasound, to produce an image of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries Chlamydia test, which may indicate the need for antibiotic treatment thyroid function test, as this may affect the hormonal balance Complications Some complications can result from infertility and its treatment. A low testosterone level with a low FSH level signals a secondary cause. Prior surgeries Certain surgeries may prevent you from having sperm in your ejaculate, including vasectomy, inguinal hernia repairs, scrotal or testicular surgeries, prostate surgeries, and large abdominal surgeries performed for testicular and rectal cancers, among others. Additionally, surgery, radiation or chemotherapy to treat tumors can affect male fertility. Signs of infertility include irregular, excessively heavy, or absent periods as well as sudden weight gain, painful sex, or vaginal infections. Women with anovulation may be treated in the primary care setting with clomiphene to induce ovulation. The main causes of tubal infertility are pelvic infections caused by bacteria such as chlamydia, previous abdominal disease or surgery and ectopic pregnancy. • Endometriosis is characterised by excessive growth of the lining of the uterus. Its treatment depends on the etiologic factor, but, in many instances, the underlying cause remains unknown. Female age of 35 years or older: For unclear reasons, egg numbers decrease at a rapid rate as women age. A Modern View of Male Infertility. (PDF, 7 MB) From The Infertile Male: Advanced Assisted Reproductive Technology, 1994.