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This relatively simple test involves the man providing a semen sample for a lab to evaluate. The medicalization of infertility has unwittingly led to a disregard for the emotional responses that couples experience, which include distress, loss of control, stigmatization, and a disruption in the developmental trajectory of adulthood.[16] Infertility may have psychological effects.

They include: Clomifene (Clomid, Serophene): This encourages ovulation in those who ovulate either irregularly or not at all, because of PCOS or another disorder. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1.

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On the other hand, excess weight can also create ovarian dysfunctions. It is specially oriented for cancer patients, whose sperm is destroyed due to the gonadotoxic treatment they are submitted to.[70] Ovaric stem cells: it is thought that women have a finite number of follicles from the very beginning. Surgery for epididymal blockage: A blocked epididymis can be surgically repaired. Leptin is a hormone associated with numerous effects including appetite control, inflammation, and decreased insulin secretion, according to many studies. The agents most often associated with infertility are the alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide. 21,22 Evaluation of Women Jump to section + The etiology of female infertility can be broken down into ovulation disorders, uterine abnormalities, tubal obstruction, and peritoneal factors.

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Infertility tests for women A woman will undergo a general physical examination, and the doctor will ask about her medical history, medications, menstruation cycle, and sexual habits. Sperm Retrieval for Azoospermia and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Success Rates – A Personal Overview.(PDF, 1 MB) Human Fertility, 2010. Microscopic Technique for Reversal of Vasectomy. (PDF, 3 MB) Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics, 1976. 8 These studies are more sensitive and may delineate an abnormally formed uterus or structural problems, such as fibroids.

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If both tubes are blocked, then in vitro fertilization (IVF) is required. This means it’s more difficult to become pregnant and the chance of miscarriage is higher.  Unexplained infertility  Sometimes, doctors are unable to find the reason for infertility, despite running the required fertility tests. The couples are not always consciously aware that they really are not interested in having children, but their sexual behavior reflects this attitude, e.g., in having sexual intercourse only after ovulation. Quantitative Evaluation of Spermatogenesis by Testicular Histology in Men with Congenital Absence of the Vas Deferens Undergoing Epididymal Sperm Aspiration. (PDF, 3 MB) Human Reproduction, 1990. 389 KB ARTICLES FROM THE 1980s Microsurgical Reversal of Female Sterilization: The Role of Tubal Length. (PDF, 2 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1980. When Predictions Don’t Predict. (PDF, 549 KB) The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1991. PDF Articles by Decade: 1970s | 1980s | 1990s | 2000s | 2010s ARTICLES FROM THE 1970s Active Lupus Glomerulitis and Hematoxylin Bodies with Normal Urinalysis. (PDF, 5 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1971. Antibodies that attack sperm Anti-sperm antibodies are immune system cells that mistakenly identify sperm as harmful invaders and attempt to eliminate them. Other causes of ovulation disorders include ovarian insufficiency and hypothalamic amenorrhea. Some suggest that the number of times a couple has intercourse should be reduced to increase sperm supply, but this is unlikely to make a difference.