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In many cases, cornual obstruction diagnosed on HSG represents simple cornual spasm. 47 Motivational interviewing techniques for modifiable risk factors, such as obesity, tobacco, illicit drugs, and alcohol, can decrease the targeted risk factor. In 1978, the first baby was born as a result of IVF.

Cervical surgery can sometimes cause scarring or shortening of the cervix. Additionally, because insulin-like growth factor (IGF) has been shown to have an effect on semen quality, its role in varicocele pathology has been studied.[25] One study showed that IGF levels significantly increased after a varicocelectomy to levels that were no different than fertile controls, suggesting that varicocele-related infertility may involve IGF.[26] Varicoceles lead to an increased incidence of sperm immaturity, apoptosis, and necrosis with severe disturbances in meiotic segregation compared to fertile men without varicoceles, and these parameters generally improve after repair. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility?

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Retrograde Ejaculation: Is a condition in which semen is ejaculated into the bladder rather than out through the urethra because the bladder sphincter does not close during ejaculation.  If this disorder is present, ejaculate volume is small and urine may be cloudy after ejaculation.  This condition affects 1. Other causes may include: Genetic factors: A man should have an X and Y chromosome. When the eggs are mature, your doctor collects them with a device called a vaginal ultrasound probe. Therefore, a total of 4 spermatids are made from each spermatocyte. 3,4  Infertility may arise from male factors, female factors, or a combination of these (Table 15–8). 5 IU q5d) until follicle development is detectable based on an elevation of the E2 levels and the presence of follicle development on sonograms.

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Transmission of Male Infertility to Future Generations: Lessons from the Y Chromosome. (PDF, 303 KB) Human Reproduction Update, 2002. Some people find that joining a support group helps, as it offers the chance to talk to others in a similar situation. 40. Luteal phase support: - Should be offer luteal phase support with progesterone till 8 weeks of gestation. - Different form of progesterone with different routes of administration are available, RCT are taking place comparing efficacy of different forms. Generally, success rates lie between 40% and 60% per cycle. The fertilized embryo is then transferred to womb. Sperm are nourished by semen, which is made by glands along the way.

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Fertility treatments for men Treatment will depend on the underlying cause of the infertility. 6,8,23 A high FSH level (10 to 20 mIU per mL [10 to 20 IU per L]) drawn on day 3 of the menstrual cycle is associated with infertility. Genetics of Male Infertility: Evolution of the X and Y Chromosome and Transmission of Male Infertility to Future Generations. (PDF, 10 MB) Chapter 5 from Essential IVF, 2004. This should be followed by documentation of ovulation via serum progesterone. Patients with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism must be treated accordingly. [210, 211] Weight reduction should be part of the treatment because it helps the patient's response to ovulation induction. [212] Treatment of Male Factors Asthenospermia associated with varicocele is treated surgically with varicocelectomy or with embolization of the spermatic veins. Thankfully, there are several options available for treatment, and many useful tips to prepare for conceiving.