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Most often, the problem lies in the process of either making or moving thesperm. 24 Other tests of ovarian reserve, such as the clomiphene (Clomid) challenge test, antral follicle count, and antimüllerian hormone level, are also generally performed to predict response to ovarian stimulation with exogenous gonadotropins and assisted reproductive technology. Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Ultrasound: This may reveal issues such as ejaculatory duct obstruction or retrograde ejaculation. Secondary spermatocytes contain smaller nuclei with fine chromatin.

If the sperm do not have the right shape, or they cannot travel rapidly and accurately towards the egg, conception may be difficult. Evaluation of cervical mucus is unreliable; therefore, investigation is not helpful with the management of infertility. However, about one in five cases of infertility has no clear diagnosed cause.[73] In Britain, male factor infertility accounts for 25% of infertile couples, while 25% remain unexplained.

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Treatment of Male-factor Infertility. (PDF, 10 MB) Chapter 9 from Progress in Infertility, 1993. Radiation therapy: This can impair sperm production. Germ cells and white blood cells both appear as round cells on microscopic examination, so immunohistochemical stains are used to differentiate the 2 cell types. Pregnancy Caused by Sperm from Vasa Efferentia. (PDF, 1 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1988. This can reveal signs of endometriosis, scarring, blockages, and some irregularities of the uterus and fallopian tubes.

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Requirements for Male Fertility (Continued) The ability to transmit the spermatozoa to the female vagina is also important. Possible reasons for abnormal semen include: a lack of sperm – you may have a very low sperm count or no sperm at all sperm that aren't moving properly – this will make it harder for sperm to swim to the egg abnormal sperm – sperm can sometimes be an abnormal shape, making it harder for them to move and fertilise an egg Many cases of abnormal semen are unexplained. These include: age smoking tobacco or marijuana drinking alcohol history of sexually transmitted infections stress poor diet When to see a doctor Anyone experiencing signs of infertility and who has been trying to conceive for more than a year (or 6 months if older than 35 years of age) may want to speak to a doctor for a thorough diagnosis. The ovum has a much shorter life expectancy – less than 1 day if it is not fertilized. These microdeletions are not observed on regular karyotype testing; rather, their identification requires polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based sequence-tagged site mapping or Southern blot analysis.

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Algorithm for infertility evaluation. (ART = assisted reproductive technology.) Lifestyle Factors Jump to section + All couples should be counseled to abstain from tobacco use, limit alcohol consumption, and aim for a body mass index less than 30 kg per m2 to improve their chances of natural conception or using assisted reproductive technology. Laparoscopy is an operation performed in the abdomen or pelvis through small incisions, generally no more than a centimeter, with the assistance of a laparoscope attached to a camera which projects to a screen. Only active, undamaged sperm are chosen for injections. Medications, treatments, and drugs Some drugs can affect fertility in a woman. Ongoing Pregnancies and Birth after Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection with Frozen-thawed Epididymal Spermatozoa. (PDF, 442 KB) Human Reproduction, 1995. The doctor may ask about the couple's sexual habits and make recommendations regarding these. This study was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University of Bristol Regulations and Code of Ethics for Research Programmes.