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Alcohol: Any amount of alcohol consumption can affect the chances of conceiving. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility? It has not been shown to improve patient outcomes but, rather, is helpful for research purposes. Other hormones including inhibin B and leptin, may also be affected by obesity. The patient should be prescribed high-dose estradiol (5 mg qd for 21 d) followed by medroxyprogesterone (10 mg for 10 d). Graft-versus-host Reactivity and Renal Allograft Survival in Rats Given Allogeneic Spleen Cells or Spleen Allografts.(PDF, 2 MB) Transplantation, 1976.

The vas deferens carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct and the urethra. The chance of a multiple birth is lower with an oral fertility drug. Fimbrial phimosis and periadnexal disease can be treated with laparoscopy. [134, 135, 136, 137, 138] The pregnancy rate after salpingolysis is 50-60% during the first year after treatment. Insulin-sensitising drugs (metformin, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D-chiro-inositol) for women with polycystic ovary syndrome, oligo amenorrhoea and subfertility.

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Prolonged diestrus can result from luteal cysts in the ovary. IVF/ICSI is a process by which the oocyte is fertilized by a sperm outside the body: in vitro, and then a gamete retransferred intrauterine. Symptoms include: bloating constipation dark urine diarrhea nausea abdominal pain vomiting They are usually mild and easy to treat. Changes in testicles Healthy testicles are an important aspect of male fertility.

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Congenital Absence of the Vas Deferens: The Fertilizing Capacity of Human Epididymal Sperm. (PDF, 3 MB) New England Journal of Medicine, 1990. Some methods may be used in concert with other methods. Radiation therapy: This can impair sperm production. It varies with the age (the optimal female age is between 23 and 39 years) and with body weight (the ideal body mass index is between 19 and 30). Any of the following can cause a man to have a low sperm count or abnormal sperm: Varicocele — an abnormal collection of bulging veins above the testicle; they’re the most common cause of correctable male infertility, accounting for 38% of cases Undescended testicle Infections in the testicle (orchitis), the prostate (prostatitis), or elsewhere in the body that causes a fever Chemotherapy for cancer Medicines such as anabolic steroids or anti-seizure medicines Genetic abnormalities Hormone problems In some cases, these problems can be reversed, but other times they can’t. If too many embryos develop, one or more can be removed.

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If natural selection is the primary error correction mechanism that prevents random mutations on the Y chromosome, then fertility treatments for men with abnormal sperm (in particular ICSI) only defer the underlying problem to the next male generation. The likelihood of fertilization improves significantly for men with low sperm concentrations. The testes are at risk for both thermal and physical trauma because of their exposed position. This can result from: A medical condition: This could be a testicular infection, cancer, or surgery. Causes Potential causes of male infertility are: The complete absence of sperm (azoospermia) Low sperm count (oligospermia) Abnormal sperm shape (teratozoospermia) Problems with sperm movement (asthenozoospermia) Sperm that is completely immobile (necrozoospermia); the sperm may be alive and not moving, or they may be dead Problems with sperm delivery, due to sexual dysfunction, an obstruction, previous vasectomy, or retrograde ejaculation Problems with erections or other sexual problems There are a variety of conditions that may lead to male infertility.