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To verify azoospermia, the semen should be centrifuged and evaluated under a light microscope for the presence of sperm. Congenital blockage of the ductal system An increased rate of duct obstruction is observed in children of mothers who were exposed to DES during pregnancy. Hypothyroid bitches might not cycle or have increased abortion rates, or neonatal survival may be poor. Exogenous testosterone should never be administered in an attempt to boost sperm production because it actually decreases intratesticular testosterone levels owing to feedback inhibition of GnRH release. A special type of laparoscope called a fertiloscope, which is modified for transvaginal application, can be used. Prevalence of Premature Ovarian Failure in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins. (PDF, 90 KB) Human Reproduction, 2007.

Exposure to some chemicals: Some pesticides, herbicides, metals, such as lead, and solvents have been linked to fertility problems in both men and women. Severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is characterized by easily palpable ovaries, severe ascites, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shortness of breath, hydrothorax, peripheral edema, oliguria, hemoconcentration (eg, hematocrit level >48% and hemoglobin level >16 g), and creatinine level greater than 1.

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Female factor Dysfunction of the female reproductive organs is also apparent in around 40% of infertile couples. Primary infertility When a woman is unable to ever bear a child, either due to the inability to become pregnant or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth she would be classified as having primary infertility.

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Varicocele: Surgically removing a varicose vein in the scrotum may help. Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration and Assisted Reproductive Techniques. (PDF, 4 MB) Frontiers in Human Reproduction, 1991. An estimated 28% of all couples seeking reproductive assistance may have normal findings on their clinical evaluation, making the unexplained infertility a more common provisional diagnosis. Abundant Gene Conversion Between Arms of Palindromes in Human and Ape Y Chromosomes. (PDF, 340 KB)Nature, 2003. With this treatment, the patient experience spermatogenesis, and therefore, it has the chance to have offspring if he wants to.

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29 When the semen analysis is abnormal, referral to a male fertility specialist or reproductive endocrinologist is warranted. Epidemiological definition of infertility (for monitoring and surveillance) Women of reproductive age (15–49 years) at risk of becoming pregnant (not pregnant, sexually active, not using contraception and not lactating) who report trying unsuccessfully for a pregnancy for two years or more. (Reproductive Health Indicators) Infertility as a disability Disability: Infertility generates disability (an impairment of function), and thus access to health care falls under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability. Medication. If you have ovulation problems, you may be prescribed drugs such as clomiphene citrate (Clomid, Serophene), gonadotropins (such as Gonal-F, Follistim, Humegon and Pregnyl), or letrozole. FSH has a lower plasma concentration and longer half-life than LH, and it has less obvious pulsatile changes. This allows for the diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as endometriosis with one procedure. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): The ovaries function abnormally and ovulation may not occur. For those interested, we offer a free class entitled, “The Couple’s Guide to IVF”, that meets twice monthly and is open to the public. After stimulation, the physician surgically extracts one or more eggs from the ovary, and unites them with sperm in a laboratory setting, with the intent of producing one or more embryos. The woman may be given a low dose of ovary stimulating hormones. On Regenerating the Ovary and Generating Controversy. (PDF, 37 KB) Cell, 2005. Medication. If you have ovulation problems, you may be prescribed drugs such as clomiphene citrate (Clomid, Serophene), gonadotropins (such as Gonal-F, Follistim, Humegon and Pregnyl), or letrozole. PID can damage and scar the fallopian tubes, making it virtually impossible for an egg to travel down into the womb. However, these tests have only poor to moderate predictive value despite widespread use.