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Varicocele A varicocele is a swelling of the veins that drain the testicle, which can impact sperm quality. Radiation therapy: If this is aimed near the reproductive organs, it can increase the risk of fertility problems. Histologic endometrial dating is not considered reliable nor is it predictive of fertility. Options include intrauterine insemination (also known as IUI) or IVF with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (also known as ICSI).

Endometriosis can be treated with hormones that suppress the displaced endometrial tissue or the tissue can be removed by a surgical procedure. Unlike female infertility (where irregular periods may hint at a problem), obvious symptoms are not common with male infertility. Cushing disease Increased cortisol levels cause a negative feedback on the hypothalamus, decreasing GnRH release. Quantitative Evaluation of Spermatogenesis by Testicular Histology in Men with Congenital Absence of the Vas Deferens Undergoing Epididymal Sperm Aspiration. (PDF, 3 MB) Human Reproduction, 1990. Hyperprolactinemia: If prolactin levels are high, and the woman is not pregnant or breastfeeding, it may affect ovulation and fertility.

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Endometrial biopsy should be performed only in women with suspected pathology (chronic endometritis or neoplasia). The incidence of congenital malformation in IVF babies ranges between 2% and 3% worldwide and is similar to that in babies conceived naturally [45]. These include advancing maternal age, severe male factor infertility (whereby ICSI can be used to fertilize the egg), and endometriosis, amongst many others. Understanding male infertility: Sex Ed 101 To better understand infertility, here's a refresher course on the birds and the bees. (Anyone caught giggling will have to stay after class.) Sperm are made in the testicles. The other cases are caused by a mixture of male and female problems or by unknown problems. Hypospadias affects about 1 in every 500 newborn boys.

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On the day of ovulation, a mucus sample is taken after intercourse. It usually involves treatment implication counselling, emotional support counselling, and therapeutic counselling [38,39].

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No periods It’s not uncommon for women to have an off month here and there. It works in the following way: Clomiphene is an anti-estrogen. Full history taking of both partners usually denotes the underlying problem [17-23], (Appendix 1). In men who have the necessary reproductive organs to procreate, infertility can be caused by low sperm count due to endocrine problems, drugs, radiation, or infection. Uterine fibroids Fibroids are noncancerous growths in the uterus. BMI (body mass index) may be a significant factor in fertility, as an increase in BMI in the male by as little as three units can be associated with infertility. 17 Evaluation of male infertility starts with a history and physical examination focusing on previous fertility, pelvic or inguinal surgeries, systemic diseases, and exposures. These adverse effects were reported in older women with advanced breast cancer who were given the drugs on a daily basis over several months. After stimulation, the physician surgically extracts one or more eggs from the ovary, and unites them with sperm in a laboratory setting, with the intent of producing one or more embryos. Outcome of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection with Testicular Spermatozoa in Obstructive and Non-obstructive Azoospermia. (PDF, 426 KB) Human Reproduction, 1996. Primary sterility means that a pregnancy has never occurred.