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An increased volume is rarely observed and is often caused by a contaminant, such as urine. A doctor injects sperm directly into the egg in a dish and then places it into your uterus. The Varicocele Dilemma. (PDF, 139 KB) Human Reproduction, 2001. Surprisingly, the complete absence of sperm in the semen (a condition known as azoospermia), can be a good thing. Other causes include Y chromosome microdeletion, a depletion of chromosome material that impedes or severely decreases spermatozoa production.

The Male-specific Region of the Human Y Chromsome is a Mosaic of Discrete Sequence Classes. (PDF, 754 KB) Nature, 2003. Surgical ablation: - In minimal or mild endometriosis; surgical ablation or resection of endometriosis plus laparoscopic adhesiolysis improves the chance of pregnancy. - Laparoscopic resection of endometriomas may be beneficial, however recent RCTs suggest intervention only in endometriomas > 4cm. - In moderate or sever endometriosis; surgical treatment should be offered. (Debatable) - Post-operative medical treatment does not improve pregnancy rates. The testicles will be checked for lumps or deformities, and the shape and structure of the penis will be examined for abnormalities.

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As the duration of treatment prolonged, psychological suffering is likely to increase [6]. It is an approach to disseminate the recommended medical care of infertile couple to the practicing clinicians. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Long-term use of aspirin or ibuprofen may make it harder to conceive. Female factor Dysfunction of the female reproductive organs is also apparent in around 40% of infertile couples. 1) Advancing maternal age: Historically before the latter 20th century, women were conceiving in their teens and twenties, when age-related abnormalities with the egg were not evident. If no improvement occurs, depending on the amount of functional sperm recovery after the sperm wash, the decision must be made to proceed with either intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilization.

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Clomiphene citrate (Clomid, Serophene) The chemical formula for clomiphene citrate (CC) is 2-[p -(2-chloro-1,2-difhenylvinyl) phenoxy] triethylamine dihydrogen citrate. What Forms of Male Infertility are there left to Cure? (PDF, 2 MB) Human Reproduction, 1995. As the major causes of infertility are sperm abnormalities, ovulation dysfunction, and fallopian tube obstruction, the preliminary adviced investigations for the infertile couple should be focused on semen analysis (to be compared with the WHO reference values [27]), detection of ovarian function by hormonal assay (early follicular FSH and LH levels, and mid-luteal progesterone), and evaluation of tubal patency by hysterosalpingography (HSG) [17-32], (Appendix 3). Normal motility is defined as more than 60% of sperm having normal movement, and the WHO 2010 lower reference limit (5th percentile) is 40%. 17 Evaluation of male infertility starts with a history and physical examination focusing on previous fertility, pelvic or inguinal surgeries, systemic diseases, and exposures.

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The four types of third party reproduction are 1) sperm donation – a process by which donated sperm is used for insemination in the uterus, or for fertilization of eggs in the IVF process; 2) egg or ovum donation – a process by which an egg donor undergoes an IVF cycle in order to obtain her eggs which are then donated and fertilized. 48 However, there is no firm evidence that preconception counseling leads to increased live birth rates, in part because no studies on this topic have been performed. Common causes of infertility of females include: ovulation problems (e.g. polycystic ovarian syndrome, PCOS, the leading reason why women present to fertility clinics due to anovulatory infertility.[58]) tubal blockage pelvic inflammatory disease caused by infections like tuberculosis age-related factors uterine problems previous tubal ligation endometriosis advanced maternal age immune infertility Males[edit] The main cause of male infertility is low semen quality. Ideally, the cause of the infertility is reversible and then conception can result from natural sex. Other causes of ovulation disorders include ovarian insufficiency and hypothalamic amenorrhea. What’s on the Mind of IVF Consumers? (PDF, 627 KB) Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2009. These abnormalities can also cause irregular bleeding between menstrual cycles. Varicocele and male factor infertility treatment: a new meta-analysis and review of the role of varicocele repair. Infertility is due to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Female and male factors are equally responsible for infertility.