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Requirements for Female Fertility One of the requirements for female fertility is a functioning reproductive anatomy and physiology. Drugs, assisted reproductive technology, and surgery are common treatments. Theoretically, with this therapy, we can get artificial gamets in vitro. Medicines are usually given to the woman first to increase the number of eggs she releases.

Clean, Intermittent Self-catheterization in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Disease. (PDF, 2 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1972. Ovulation occurs about two weeks before a woman’s next period starts. 8,33,35,36 Lastly, in vitro fertilization, with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection, is the mainstay of assisted reproductive technology for male factor infertility. DEFINITION OF TERMS Source : Endometriosis & infertility PPT Presentation Summary : Fertility Issues. However, if you haven’t had your period in months, it might be a good idea to seek medical advice.  Heavy and/or painful periods: Periods that hamper your daily activity may be a symptom of fibroids in the uterus or endometriosis.

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Hysterosalpingography: Fluid is injected into the woman's uterus and X-rays are taken to determine whether the fluid travels properly out of the uterus and into the fallopian tubes. Paternal age > or = 40 years: an important risk factor for infertility. Other tests include: ovarian reserve testing, to find out how effective the eggs are after ovulation genetic testing, to see if a genetic abnormality is interfering with fertility pelvic ultrasound, to produce an image of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries Chlamydia test, which may indicate the need for antibiotic treatment thyroid function test, as this may affect the hormonal balance Complications Some complications can result from infertility and its treatment. Many countries have special frameworks for dealing with the ethical and social issues around fertility treatment. Psychological/Physical/Behavioral Problems: Several sexual problems exist that can affect male fertility.  These problems are most often both psychological and physical in nature:  it is difficult to separate the physiological and physical components.

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These adverse effects were reported in older women with advanced breast cancer who were given the drugs on a daily basis over several months. Thus, pelvic ultrasonography has become an important tool for monitoring ovulation induction. A defect in any of these sperm structures may result in infertility that will not be detected by semen analysis.[60] Antisperm antibodies cause immune infertility.[23][24] Cystic fibrosis can lead to infertility in men.

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A penile exam should detect atrophy, tumors, epididymal cysts, cryptorchidism (undescended testicles), vas thickening or absence of the vas deferens, hydrocele (fluid accumulation in the testis or along the spermatic cord) or varicocele. In other cases, the cause is suspected to be immunological or genetic; it may be that each partner is independently fertile but the couple cannot conceive together without assistance. If too many embryos develop, one or more can be removed. Ovulation often can be detected by keeping a menstrual calendar or using an ovulation predictor kit. Exposure to chemicals: Pesticides, for example, may increase the risk. Perfect Anatomical Reconstruction of Vas Deferens with a new Microscopic Surgical Technique. (PDF, 19 MB)Fertility and Sterility, 1977. Genetic karyotyping, if a recurrent miscarriage is a problem. Treatment options available for any particular infertile couple will depend also on the duration of their infertility, which partner is affected, the age of the female partner and if any has a previous children or not, the underlying pathological cause, and if the treatment will be covered by the National Health System (NHS) or funded by their own. Klinefelter�s Syndrome: Is a genetic condition in which each cell in the human body has an additional X chromosome--men with Klinefelter�s Syndrome have one Y and two X chromosomes.  Physical symptoms include peanut-sized testicles and enlarged breasts.  A chromosome analysis is used to confirm this analysis.  If this condition is treated in its early stages (with the drug hCG), sperm production may commence and/or improve.  However, Klinefelter�s Syndrome eventually causes all active testicular structures to atrophy.  Once testicular failure has occurred, improving fertility is impossible. Sperm retrieval for azoospermia and intracytoplasmic sperm injection success rates – A personal overview. (PDF, 1 MB) Human Fertility, 2010.