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As the major causes of infertility are sperm abnormalities, ovulation dysfunction, and fallopian tube obstruction, the preliminary adviced investigations for the infertile couple should be focused on semen analysis (to be compared with the WHO reference values [27]), detection of ovarian function by hormonal assay (early follicular FSH and LH levels, and mid-luteal progesterone), and evaluation of tubal patency by hysterosalpingography (HSG) [17-32], (Appendix 3). Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs (GnRH-a) are synthetic peptides whose structure is similar to the natural GnRH. Endometriosis is usually more common in women in their mid-twenties and older, especially when postponed childbirth has taken place.[55] Another major cause of infertility in women may be the inability to ovulate.

Bushnik T, Cook JL, Yuzpe AA, Tough S, Collins J. Treatment of Female Infertility: Ovulation Induction Agents The main agents used for the induction of ovulation include: Clomiphene citrate is an orally active, nonsteroidal agent structurally similar to estrogen. Hence the ability to conceive a normal pregnancy decreases from when a woman is in her early 30s into her 40s.

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Sperm Retrieval for Azoospermia and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Success Rates – A Personal Overview.(PDF, 1 MB) Human Fertility, 2010. Showell MG, Brown J, Yazdani A, Stankiewicz MT, Hart RJ. Defects of tubules that transport sperm There are many different tubes that carry sperm. Symptoms depend on what is causing the infertility.

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Adhesions with the surrounding tissue can develop as well, and reduce the motility of the tubes. Additional risk factors may include smoking, alcohol use, obesity, and older age; however, the data are hampered by a lack of pregnancy-related outcomes. Thalassemia Patients with thalassemia have ineffective erythropoiesis and undergo multiple blood transfusions. M. genitalium infection is associated with increased risk of infertility.[25][26] Genetic[edit] A Robertsonian translocation in either partner may cause recurrent spontaneous abortions or complete infertility.[citation needed] Mutations to NR5A1 gene encoding Steroidogenic Factor-1 (SF-1) have been found in a small subset of men with non-obstructive male factor infertility where the cause is unknown. 8 Intrauterine insemination and ovulation induction do not result in increased pregnancy rates in women with unexplained infertility.

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The embryos are placed within the tip of the transfer catheter and then injected within the uterine cavity once the catheter is placed through the cervical canal to the ideal spot within the uterus. However, these tests have only poor to moderate predictive value despite widespread use. Semen analysis The semen analysis is a very important test and should be done early in the evaluation process. These rates, of course, readjusted down for the older women with long durations of infertility [42]. Surgical treatment Surgical treatment should be directed at destroying the disease using electrocoagulation, laser vaporization, endocoagulation, or excision. [84] Removal of endometriomas and lysis of adhesions complete the treatment. A Family of Human Y Chromosomes has Dispersed Throughout Northern Eurasia Despite a 1. Normal sperm have a smooth oval head approximately 3-5 μm long and 2-3 μm wide.