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The vas deferens carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct and the urethra. Factors Affecting Fertility: STIs and Other Infections Gonorrhea and chlamidia in women can cause cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); and in men, urethritis, epididymitis, and, possibly, accessory gland infection. Patients may achieve normal virilization and adult phenotype by the administration of exogenous testosterone, but they are infertile.

The patient should be abstinent for 2-3 days prior to maximize sperm number and quality. Prior to its conception, laparoscopy was a surgical approach with very few applications, mainly for purposes of diagnosis and performance of simple procedures in gynecologic applications.[citation needed] The first publication on modern diagnostic laparoscopy by Raoul Palmer appeared in 1947,[36] followed by the publication of Hans Frangenheim and Kurt Semm, who both practised CO 2 hysteroscopy from the mid-1970s.[37] In 1972, Clarke invented, published, patented, presented, and recorded on film laparoscopic surgery, with instruments marketed by the Ven Instrument Company of Buffalo, New York.[38] In 1975, Tarasconi, from the Department of Ob-Gyn of the University of Passo Fundo Medical School (Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil), started his experience with organ resection by laparoscopy (Salpingectomy), first reported in the Third AAGL Meeting, Hyatt Regency Atlanta, November 1976 and later published in The Journal of Reproductive Medicine in 1981.[39] This laparoscopic surgical procedure was the first laparoscopic organ resection reported in medical literature. Microsurgery in Pediatric Urology. (PDF, 13 MB) The National Foundation, 1977. In women, lead poisoning reduces conceptions and increases the risk of fetal wastage. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Long-term use of aspirin or ibuprofen may make it harder to conceive. Investigations Infertile couples are usually adviced to start their investigations after 12 months of trying to conceive or after 6 months if the female partner is more than 35 years old or immediately if there is an obvious cause for their infertility or subfertility [16].

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Common causes of infertility of females include: ovulation problems (e.g. polycystic ovarian syndrome, PCOS, the leading reason why women present to fertility clinics due to anovulatory infertility.[58]) tubal blockage pelvic inflammatory disease caused by infections like tuberculosis age-related factors uterine problems previous tubal ligation endometriosis advanced maternal age immune infertility Males[edit] The main cause of male infertility is low semen quality. Effectiveness of the postcoital test: randomised controlled trial. The Disappearing Y Chromosome – “I Told You So!” (PDF, 266 KB) Human Reproduction, 1997. This seems to result in a significant improvement in fertility, although some studies disagree. 6,28 Additionally, postcoital testing of cervical mucus is no longer recommended because it does not affect clinical management or predict the inability to conceive.

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Role of Epididymis in Sperm Maturation. (PDF, 3 MB) Urology, 1989. 4 mL and an increase in sperm density by 10-15 million sperm/mL, for up to 7 days. Cervical mucus problems  When you're ovulating, mucus in your cervix becomes thinner so sperm can swim through it more easily. Hypospadias affects about 1 in every 500 newborn boys. Reproductive Biology. (PDF, 147 KB) The Scientist, 1996. In general, infertility is defined as the inability of couples to achieve pregnancy after ≥1 year of trying (1).

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Prior surgeries Certain surgeries may prevent you from having sperm in your ejaculate, including vasectomy, inguinal hernia repairs, scrotal or testicular surgeries, prostate surgeries, and large abdominal surgeries performed for testicular and rectal cancers, among others. 2012;27(8):2396–2404.   Want to use this article elsewhere? 2 or more - sperm concentration: 15 million spermatozoa per ml or more - total sperm number: 39 million spermatozoa per ejaculate or more - total motility: 40% or more motile or 32% or more with progressive motility - vitality: 58% or more live spermatozoa - sperm morphology (percentage of normal forms): 4% or more Basic Work-up for Infertility 13. Evidence of ovulation: 1. In most cases however, sperm function may not improve and therefore any attempts at pregnancy may require additional treatments or procedures performed by our clinic. A varicocele is a varicose vein found in the scrotum.