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Blood tests Depending on the individual couple's situation, various blood tests on either the female or the male may be needed. The treatment approach depends on the cause(s) of the infertility.

On Regenerating the Ovary and Generating Controversy. (PDF, 37 KB) Cell, 2005. 43 Other low-cost methods of monitoring for ovulation, although less effective, include basal body temperature measurements and cervical mucus changes. Common causes of infertility of females include: ovulation problems (e.g. polycystic ovarian syndrome, PCOS, the leading reason why women present to fertility clinics due to anovulatory infertility.[58]) tubal blockage pelvic inflammatory disease caused by infections like tuberculosis age-related factors uterine problems previous tubal ligation endometriosis advanced maternal age immune infertility Males[edit] The main cause of male infertility is low semen quality. Evaluation may be initiated sooner in patients who have risk factors for infertility or if the female partner is older than 35 years. Delayed conception and active and passive smoking.

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Oligospermia is defined as fewer than 20 million sperm/mL, severe oligospermia is less than 5 million/mL, and azoospermia is defined as no sperm present. Although relatively uncommon, eating disorders can negatively affect menstruation, fertility, and maternal and fetal well-being. And as aging occurs, egg quality, or the likelihood of an egg being genetically normal, decreases as well. A history of sexually transmitted infections could be another cause of infertility in either partner. A doctor or WHNP takes a medical history and gives a physical examination. Ovarian Transplantation in a Series of Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Ovarian Failure. (PDF, 188 KB) The New England Journal of Medicine, 2007.

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The Intra-abdominal Testes: Microvascular Autotransplantation. (PDF, 4 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1981. Causes of Sterility in Women In women, the classification of possible causes is much more complex. Vitrification of oocytes from endangered Mexican gray wolves (Canis lupus baileyi). (PDF, 319 KB) Theriogenology, 2010. When anatomic variance or obstruction is suspected, referral for surgical evaluation and treatment is appropriate.

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Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. These specimens benefit most from layering a washed pellet of sperm with nutrient media and allowing the motile fraction to swim up into the media before being separated. [109] After sperm preparation, the spermatozoa are enhanced in motility and become activated and ready to fertilize an oocyte. If the response is exaggerated, with more than 5 sizable follicles (18 mm in diameter), and the E2 level is greater than 2500 pc/mL, cancelling the ovulation is better to avoid the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and a high order of multiple pregnancy. Usually no more than 1 – 2 embryos are transferred, and therefore additional embryos can be frozen, or cryopreserved, for future use; 3) embryo donation – a process where a fully developed embryo from another person in combination w/donor sperm, or couple who underwent IVF, are donated to another woman, the future intended mother, for transfer into her uterus; and 4) gestational surrogacy – a process where another woman will undergo an embryo transfer and carry the pregnancy for another person. Infrequent and light menstruation occurs in about 40% of women with ovulatory dysfunction.